Importantly, we manipulated whether the distractor color was presented as a background feature or as a figure feature. Participants worked through a sequential distractor-response binding (DRB) task, allowing measurement of binding effects between responses and distractor (color) features. Thus, previous research did not specify whether figure-ground manipulations exert their modulating influence on integration and/or retrieval. Against the background of recent theorizing, integration and retrieval are discussed as separate processes that independently contribute to binding effects (BRAC framework).

Applying the figure-ground segmentation principle to such action control experiments, previous research showed that only stimulus features that have a figure-like character led to binding effects, while features in the background did not.

If some or all linked features repeat, the whole event file (including the previous response) is retrieved, thereby affecting current performance (as measured in so-called binding effects). Stimulus and response features are linked together into an event file when a response is made towards a stimulus.

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